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Anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds were evaluated in diet rat model. The study included forty eight Sprague Dawley rats of either sex with eight animals in each group. Except for control the disease control, standard and treatment groups were treated with high-fat high-sugar diet for 8 weeks. After confirmation of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, the standard group received atorvastatin [2.1 mg.kg-1], treatment groups received hexane extract, ethanol extract and water decoction of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds [300mg.kg -1] for next 30 days. Disease control and control were given normal saline in volume equivalent to other groups. High-fat high-sugar diet was continued in all groups except control for 30 day period. Lipid profile, liver function tests and fasting blood sugar were analyzed in fasting blood samples. Cardiac risk parameters were calculated and results were analyzed by one way ANOVA using SPSS. All three tested extracts showed significant decrease in fasting blood glucose, LDL-C, triglycerides, VLDL-C and cardiac risk parameters as compared to disease control. However, HDL-C and cholesterol levels in treatment groups were found to be significantly increased compared to disease control. Furthermore, treatment groups showed significantly decreased AST and ALP levels compared to disease control. Hexane extract, ethanol extracts and water decoction of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds exhibited potential antihyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic effects with favorable hepatic profile. However, further studies should be designed to strengthen these findings on mechanistic ground
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Objective: To study the protective role of omega 3 fatty acids [omg 3 FAs] on the histomorphological changes in the height of the prostatic epithelium in rats induced by sleep deprivation
Study Design: Lab based randomized control trial
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Anatomy Department, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, in collaboration with National Institute of Health [NIH], Rawalpindi for duration of one year, from Nov 2014 to Nov 2015
Material and Methods: Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats, 3-4 months of age with average weights of 200-300 grams [gm] were divided in three groups each having 10 rats. Group A served as control with standard lab diet and regular sleep -wake cycle. Group B was subjected to sleep deprivation of 16 hours followed by a sleep window of 8 hrs daily for 2 months and group C was administrated with omg 3 fatty acids [FAs] and was sleep deprived as group B for 2 months. At the end of the experimental period rats were anesthetized and their blood sample was drawn for hormonal assay. They were dissected and the prostate gland was removed and fixed in 10 percent formalin. Five micrometer [micro m] sections were obtained after tissue processing and stained with haematoxylin and eosin [HandE] for histological study
Results: Microscopic examination revealed that the epithelium of glandular acini was columnar in group A. Marked decrease in the height of cells was observed in group B whereas the epithelium was nearly cuboidal in group C
Conclusion: It was concluded that sleep deprivation had deleterious effects on the epithelium of the prostatic acini and that Omega 3 fatty acids had a protective effect on the epithelium of the prostatic acini
ABSTRACT
Seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica in the form of Ethanol seed extract of Vernonia anthelmintica [EEVA], Hexane extract of Vernonia anthelmintica [HEVA] and water decoction of Vernonia anthelmintica [WDVA] were evaluated for their in-vivo anti-Inflammatory potential in carrageenan induced rat paw model. The results were compared to anti-inflammatory activity of standard drug [ibuprofen] and untreated groups. In-vitro evaluation of antioxidant potential of EEVA and HEVA were also conducted by "DPPH scavenging assay". The results of present study depicts that HEVA and EEVA in higher dose possess a strong anti-inflammatory potential as compared to standard antiinflammatory drugs, whereas WDVA showed milder anti-inflammatory potential. DPPH assay has revealed strong antioxidant potential of EEVC with the percentage Radical Scavenging activity [%RSA] of 89.709 at concentrations of 500 ul as compared to standard drugs gallic acid [23.436+/-0.43] and acetyl salicylic acid [111.44+/-0.7] at concentrations of 95.95 micro M. The other extract HEVC has shown to have insignificant %RSA at the concentration of 500micro l. Hence the present study revealed that selected extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica exhibited significant in-vitro antioxidant and invivo anti-inflammatory potential
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Objective: To determine the effect of caffeine on the body weight of BALB/c mice
Study Design: Lab based randomized control trial
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Anatomy Department, Army Medical College [AMC], Rawalpindi, in collaboration with National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad, from Oct 2014 to Oct 2015
Material and Methods: Three weeks old BALB/c mice, twenty [20] in number [10 male, 10 female], weighing 12-14 g, were taken and divided into two groups with 10 mice [5 male, 5 female] in each group. The control group G1 was given standard diet with water ad libitum. In addition to the standard diet, the animals in experimental group G2 were given 10mg of caffeine per 100g body weight once a day on alternate days, three days in a week by oral gavage for 60 days. At the conclusion of the experiment, body weights of the mice in both the groups were measured to determine the influence of caffeine
Results: The mean final body weight of mice of control group G1 was observed as 31.2 +/- 1.932g while the mean final body weight of experimental group G2 was found to be 27.1 +/- 2.025g. As compared to control group G1, the final body weight of animals in experimental group G2 was found to be less
Conclusion: Ingestion of caffeine has negative effect on the accretion of body weight in mice
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Objective: To study and compare the histomorphological changes induced by second generation [2G], third generation [3G] and fourth generation [4G] mobile phone electromagnetic fields on the organization of Purkinje cell layer of rat cerebellum
Study Design: Laboratory based randomized control trial
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Anatomy department, Army Medical College Rawalpindi; in collaboration with animal house, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, from Nov 2014 to Nov 2015
Material and Methods: Forty adult Sprague Dawley rats [20 male, 20 female], weighing 250-350grams,were taken and divided into 4 groups with 10 rats [5 male, 5 female] in each group. Group A served as control and was given normal diet and water ad libitum. Groups B, C and D were exposed to EMF from 2G, 3G and 4G mobile phones respectively, daily for 1 hour for 2 months. The animals were sacrificed on 60th day of the experiment, cerebellums were removed, fixed in 10% formalin, processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin [H and E] for histological study
Results: It was observed on microscopic examination that EMF from 2G, 3G and 4G mobile phones effected the organization of Purkinje cell layer of cerebellum; being double cell layer in group B and multiple cell layers in groups C and D
Conclusion: It was concluded from current results that radiations from 2G, 3G and 4G mobile phones have deleterious effects on the organization of Purkinje cell layer of cerebellum with 3G and 4G causing more harm as compared to EMF from 2G mobile phones
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Female , Male , Adult , Purkinje Cells/physiology , Cerebellum , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicABSTRACT
Diet rich in saturated fats and sugars have been associated with obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver disease. Especially high serum lipid levels are directly connected to the progression of cardiovascular disorders, which are the leading cause of death all over the world. Date palm fruit [Phoenix dactylifera] is known for numerous health benefits however little information is available about in vivo clinical and preclinical benefits, hence antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective potential of native date variety Aseel has been assessed in hyperlipidemia induced albino rats. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups with 8 animals in each group. One group was kept as normal control while remaining four groups were fed high fat high sugar diet for 8 weeks; from this one group was reserved as disease control while two groups as treated which received 300 and 600mg/kg of date fruit suspension. The fourth group served as positive control and received standard drug atorvastatin in the dose of 2.1mg/kg. After 14 days serum lipid profile, hepatic profile and fasting blood sugar were determined for all groups. Fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL along with cholesterol- HDL and LDL-HDL ratio were significantly decreased at 300 mg/kg without any increase in liver enzymes as observed in positive control group. Animals received 600 mg/kg also revealed significant decline in fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, VLDL and alkaline phosphatase. Hence present results demonstrate ameliorative role of date fruit in hyperlipidemia and fatty liver however more studies are required to gain insight into the possible mechanism of action and confirmation of these effects on human subjects
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Despite the widespread use of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds in traditional medicine, the need to establish the safety of the Vernonia anthelmintica is required to ascertain the safe use of this herbal medicine. The aim of the present study is to establish the acute toxicity profile of different extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica. Hexane and ethanol extract of Vernonia Anthelmintica has been studied for its brine shrimp lethality potential. Water decoction [WDVA], Hexane [HEVA] and Ethanol [EEVA] extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica has also been evaluated for their in-vivo acute oral toxicity in mice by Lorke's method. Phytochemistry of all three extracts was also evaluated for the presence of their secondary metabolites. All three extracts showed the presence of flavonoids and terpenoids, while alkaloids, tannins and fixed oils were present in HEVA and EEVA. Furthermore EEVA also showed presence of carbohydrates and HEVA also showed the presence of cardiac glycosides. Ethanol and hexane extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica showed a positive cytotoxicity in brine shrimp lethality test at 24 hours with LC50 104.16 [224.0-48.05] micro g/ml and 216.11 micro g/ml [378.2-128.7] respectively as compared to standard drug etoposide LC50 7.46 micro g/ml. The oral LD50 for EEVA, HEVA and WDVA in mice by Lorke's method was greater than 5000mg/kg. The result of brine shrimp lethality test clearly exhibited the presence of bioactive compounds with cytotoxic potential; however seems to be safe for oral use since LD50 was higher than 5000mg/kg and thus safety of acute dosing in vivo practices is justified
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Objective: To observe the effects of immobilization stress on the ovarian follicle count
Study Design: It was laboratory based randomized control trial
Place and Duration of Study: Anatomy Department, Army Medical College Rawalpindi, in collaboration with National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad, from April to May 2014
Material and Method: Study comprised of 20 adult female mice [BALBc strain] weighing 25-27 gms on first day of estrous cycle. They were divided into two equal groups of 10 mice each. Group A, taken as control, was kept in normal environment of animal house for one month. Group B was given immobilization stress by keeping them in wire mesh restrainers locally fabricated consisting of 10 compartments. Animals were dissected after one month. Size, shape, color and weight of the right ovary were observed. Ovary was processed, embedded and stained for histological study. Primary, secondary and tertiary follicles were counted. SPSS 20 was used for statistical analysis. Independent sample's t test and chi square test was applied
Results: The primary, secondary and tertiary follicular count was significantly decreased in the ovary of experimental Group B
Conclusion: Immobilization stress reduces the number of ovarian follicles
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To determine the histomorphogical effects of radiations from conventional and advanced mobile phones on the developing kidney of chick embryo. Randomized Control Trial. The study was conducted at Army Medical College, [MUST], Rawalpindi, Pakistan from January 30,2012 to January 30,2013. Fifty fertilized, zero day, off white colored eggs of Fayoumi breed were selected according to inclusion criteria. Two groups II and IV were exposed to conventional mobile phone radiations, and two groups III and V were exposed to advanced mobile phone radiations for 15 and 30 minutes per 24 hours respectively. Group I was the control. The data was analyzed by SPSS 17 and, ANOVA test was applied to determine statistical significance. The mean proximal and distal tubular diameters were decreased in the experimental groups. The mean proximal tubular diameter decreased significantly when comparing group I with groups N, III, IV and V and no statistical significance was found when comparing the experimental groups. The mean proximal luminal diameter decreased in experimental groups with statistically significant result between groups I and III and between I and V showing that the effects were more in advanced cell phone groups when compared with the control. Regarding distal tubular diameter the results were statistically significant between I and III, II and III and II and IV. Mean distal luminal diameter decreased in the experimental groups with statistically significant result when comparing II and IV and, IV and V. The distal tubules responded to either the increase in the time of exposure from 15 to 30 minutes or when the chick embryo was exposed to advanced cell phone radiations as the results were more significant between the experimental groups, where p<0.05 was considered significant. From this experimental study we can conclude that prolonged exposure to mobile phone radiations can lead to decrease in tubular as well as luminal diameter in the proximal and distal tubules of the developing kidneys of chick embryo
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The herbal combination under study consists of Withania somnifera, Tribulus terrestris, Mucuna pruriens and Argyria speciosa. Present study is mainly designed to investigate the gross physical, sub-chronic, hematological and histopathological effects of the combination widely used for its stimulating, revitalizing and fertility boosting effects in Pakistan. Sub-chronic, hematological and histopathological outcomes of herbal combination were assessed on 27 albino rabbits weighing from 1000gm-1500gm after giving herbal combination for 60 days in two doses 27 and 81mg/kg against control. No significant toxicity was revealed during the entire period of study, however some biochemical changes were observed in kidney and liver but these changes did not coincide with histopathological findings. There was no mortality and evidence of systemic toxicity including hematological toxicity following 60 days administration of herbal combination. Results of present study suggest that further studies are required on large number of animals before reaching to a definite conclusion, more over clinical studies should also be conducted to confirm the possible toxic effects of the herbal combination
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To observe the effects of sodium cyclamate on islets of langerhans in rats pancreas. Laboratory based randomized control trial. Anatomy Department, Army Medical College Rawalpindi, in collaboration with National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad, from March to May 2014. Twenty male and twenty female Sprauge dawley rats weighing 175-205 gms were used in the experiment. Half male and half female rats were randomly divided in two groups [control group C and experimental group E, n=20 animals in each group]. Group C served as control group in which rats were given normal diet. Group E served as experimental group and was given sodium cyclamate 60mg/kg/day through oral gavage tube for two months. Animals were dissected. Pancreas was examined and weighed. Slides were made after processing the organ for histological study. Area of islets of langerhans was calculated by image j software. Results were analyzed on SPSS version 20. The mean weight of pancreas in control and experimental group was 0.75 gm [SD +/- 0.094] and 0.805 gm [SD +/- 0.068] respectively. It was significantly higher [p = 0.043] in experimental group. The area of islet of langerhans in control and experimental group was 15285.40 micro m[2] [IQR: 9881.08 - 23001.35] and 33213.50 micro m[2] [IQR: 21258.05-45879.18] respectively. There was an increase in area in experimental group [p = 0.014]. Sodium cyclamate affects the histomorphology of endocrine pancreas by increasing the area of islets of langerhans in treated group
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Background: Atherosclerosis has been considered as the disease of intima with the role of tunica adventitia so far neglected. Current evidence shows that adventitia, and particularly the vasa vasora [VV] reacts to the process of atherogenesis
Objective: The study was aimed to calculate the VV density in adventitia and to correlate it with intimamedia thickness in aorta of cholesterol-fed rabbits
Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted in Army Medical College Rawalpindi. Samples of vessels were obtained from twenty adult NZW rabbits fed normal [group A] or 2% high-cholesterol [group B] diet for 6 weeks [n=10/group]. Aortic sections were taken from each part [ascending, arch, descending thoracic and abdominal] of every aorta. Light microscopic cross sectional analysis was performed in H andE stained slides. Intima-media thickness [IMT] and adventitial VV density were calculated and their correlation was investigated in each part of aorta
Results: A total of 80 cross sections were analyzed. Mean+/-SE IMT and adventitial VV density was significantly increased in ascending, arch, and descending thoracic parts of group B versus their equivalent aortic parts in group A. But, there was an insignificant difference of means regarding VV density of abdominal aorta between both groups, despite a significant increase of IMT in group B. A very strong positive correlation was observed between the adventitial VV density and IMT in each aortic part of cholesterol-fed rabbits
Conclusion: The present study showed that increased IMT is strongly associated with enhanced adventitial VV density in each aortic part of cholesterol-fed rabbits
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To evaluate the protective role of garlic extract on the histoloy of the uterine epithelium exposed to lead acetate in an animal model. Laboratory based randomized control trial. Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College in collaboration with National Institute of health from April to June 2013. Thirty female BALBc mice were selected. Ten animals were placed in each group. Group A being the control was given normal diet. Group B was given lead acetate at a dose of 30 mg/kg /day. Group C was given acetate 30 mg/kg/day and garlic extract 500 mg/kg/day through oral gavage tube for 60 days. Animals were sacrificed and dissected at the end of 60 days. Right uterine horn was processed, embedded and stained for histological study. Height of epithelium was measured. It was taken from apical to basal end of the cells. There was increase in height of the lining epithelium of uterus in group B, mean value 19.70 +/- 4.81 microm when compared to Group A, with mean value 13.25 +/- 2.37 microm. The height of the epithelium was relatively reduced in group C, with mean value 14.50 +/- 2.30 microm when compared with group B. In group C results were same as Group A. The p values were 0.001 when group A was compared to group B, 0.688 when group A was compared to group C and 0.005 when group B was compared to group C. The height of epithelium was markedly increased in lead acetate treated group which returned to normal when co treated with garlic extract. Hence garlic ameliorated the changes induced by lead
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Plant Extracts , Uterus , Epithelium , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Organometallic Compounds , Lead , AcetatesABSTRACT
To study the hstomorphological effect of tocotrienol on aortic atherosclerosis in diabetic mice having high fat diet. Lab based randomized controlled trial. Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and National Institute of Health, Islamabad from November 2009 to June 2010. Forty five female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups. The diabetic mice model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin [STZ] 40 mg/kg body weight. Group A was given normal laboratory diet, group B high fat diet and group C was given tocotrienol along with hgh fat diet for 32 weeks. At the end of experiment the mice were sacrificed. The hearts of animals were dissected out and ascending aortae were taken out. The specimen was fixed in 10% form01 calcium and processed for paraffin embedding. Five micrometer thick sections were made for haematoxylin and eosin, and Verhoeff's staining. After staining, hstomorphologic changes in slides were noted. In contrast to group A, atheroscelrosis developed in groups B and C. Statistically significant atherosclerotic changes were found in the aortae of diabetic mice in group B when compared to group A. On comparison of group A to C, atherosclerotic changes were statistically insigmficant. However when group B was compared with group C, the aortic atherosclerotic changes decreased sigruficantly in group C. In diabetics with high fat diet intake, there is an increase in development of atherosclerosis in aorta which can be reduced by tocotrienol
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Atherosclerosis , Aorta , Mice , Streptozocin , Diabetes Mellitus, ExperimentalABSTRACT
To determine the effect of nicotine and camellia sinensis [green tea] on the developing epiphyseal plate of thigh bone of chick. Randomized controlled trial. Army medical college, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from April 2012 to May 2012. Freshly laid fertilized eggs of Fayoumi breed chick eggs were selected at zero hour of incubation. Four groups were made, group Gl was control group treated with normal saline. Experimental group G2 was treated with camellia sinensis extract [green tea], group G3 was given nicotine whereas group G4 was injected with working solution nicotine and camellia sinensis [green tea], in O.lml quantity. Double exposure one at 48 hour of incubation and other at 48 hours after hatching of chicks. SPSS version 15 was used to analyze the data. It was observed that the weight of chick at one month of age and weight of femur of chicks of nicotine treated groups G3 and group G4 were reduced in comparison to control group Gl. Mean number of cells in hypertrophy zone of developing epiphyseal plate of thigh bone were reduced of nicotine treated groups in comparison to control group. Camellia sinensis [green tea] helped to reduce the harmful effects of nicotine treated group but cannot reverse the oxidative injury
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This study was conducted to evaluate the role of beta carotene on histomorphology of rat kidneys in subacute Acetaminophen [APAP]-induced renal damage. Lab based randomized control trial. The study was carried out in the department of Anatomy Army Medical College, I Rawalpindi; in collaboration with National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad for one week in June 2009. Sixty young adult [4-6 weeks old] Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes weighing 180-240 g were randomized into three groups. Experimental group A was treated with 700 mg/kg body weight subacute APAP orally once daily for 7'consecutive days. Experimental group B was administered beta carotene 30 mg/kg body weight once daily one hour before 700 mg/kg body weight subacute APAP once daily for 7 consecutive days. Control group C animals were fed NIH laboratory diet. Kidney specimens were collected 24 hours after the last dose. Five micron thick sections of kidney were stained with H and E for histomorphological study. Frequencies and percentages were calculated to describe the variables p values less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Microscopic examination in experimental group A demonstrated tubular necrosis of level 2 [35% animals] and level 3 [65% animals]. Mild vacuolar degeneration was also observed in 90% of the experimental group A animals. In experimental group B, there was statistically significant difference p-value < 0.001 in levels of renal tubular necrosis [15% animals] and grades of vacuolar degeneration [5% animals] as compared to experimental group A. Findings in experimental group B were not significantly different from that of control group C. Beta carotene has protective role on histomorphology of kidneys in subacute APAP-induced renal damage in rats
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The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of histomorphometric changes which are associated with increasing age in local population, with the experience obtained in the dissection on cadavers. Cross-sectional comparative study. The study was carried out at the department of anatomy, army medical colege rawalpindi in collaboration with forensic departments of various medical institutes where cadavers were brought for autopsy, spanning from 15 Feb 2010 to 15 Aug 2010. A total of forty cadavers from local population [punjab and khyber pakhtunkhwa] were dissected and specimen [common hepatic artery] [CHA] were obtained. Two age groups, one below the age of forty years [1 to 39 years] and the other above the age of forty years [40 to 70 years] were made. The specimen were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Using a microscope with 10 X objective, micrometry was done and data of intima thickness [IT], media thickness [MT] and intima media thickness [IMT] was noted. After comparing the two age groups, statistically significant difference was found between the IT [p value <0.01]. The mean values of media failed to attain any statistical difference. No statistically significant difference was found in the IMT of the two age groups. Increase in itima thickness was found while MT and IMT did not show any statistical difference
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Muscles , Arteries , Cross-Sectional Studies , Age Factors , Cadaver , Tunica Intima , Tunica Media , HematoxylinABSTRACT
The study was conducted to investigate the effect of low frequency noise on histomorphology of periodontal ligament of mouse. The study was randomized control trial of three month duration. Thirty adult BALB/c mice, half male and half female, were randomly divided into three groups. Control group A was kept in normal environment of animal house. Experimental group B was kept in silent condition while experimental group C was exposed to low frequency noise of 200 Hz continuously. At the end of three months, mice were euthanized, mandible removed and sections were taken for light microscopic study Overall there was significant difference when comparing groups A [normal environment], B [silent group], and C [low frequency noise exposed] regarding arrangement of Periodontal ligament fibers, thickness of the ligament, thickness of wall of blood vessels and destruction of alveolar bone. In most of the specimens, distortion of the normal periodontal fiber arrangement was encountered. It was concluded that exposure to low frequency noise significantly distorts the normal architecture of the periodontal ligament thus causing compromised function of the ligament
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The study was conducted to investigate the comparative histomorphogical effects of radiations from conventional and advanced mobile phone, on the developing kidney of the chick embryo. Randomized control trial. Duration of Study: Three months. Fifty fertilized eggs of Fayoumibreed were selected. Two groups II and IV were exposed to conventional mobile phone radiation and two groups III and V was exposed to advanced mobile phone radiation for 15 and 30 minutes respectively, group I, being the control. The results were significant between control and groups III, IV and V regarding tubular diameter. The luminal diameters were statistically insignificant between the respective groups but significant between groups I and all the experimental groups, II and III when comparing proximal tubular cell's height. The proximal tubular and luminal diameters and epithelial height of the cells lining the proximal tubules of mesonephros were affected by not only advancement in the mobile phones but also increase in the exposure time to the radiations
Subject(s)
Animals , Cell Phone , Kidney Tubules, Proximal/radiation effects , Mesonephros , Chick EmbryoABSTRACT
To measure the wall thickness of major coronary arteries in Pakistani population, through micrometry. An observational study. Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Khyber Medical College Peshawar and District Headquarter Hospital, Rawalpindi, in collaboration with Departments of Anatomy and Pathology, Army Medical College Rawalpindi. The duration of study was six months with effect from September 2009 to March 2010. After incising pericardium, 1mm long segments of major coronary arteries i.e. right coronary artery [RCA], left anterior descending artery [LAD] and left circumflex artery [LCX] were taken 1cm distal to their origin, from adult male cadavers of up to 40 years age. After processing for paraffin embedding, 5microm thick sections were prepared, mounted on glass slides and subsequently stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin [H and E] for routine histological study. Verhoeff's elastic stain was used to make the elastic lamina more prominent. Wall thickness for each section was measured through micrometry, circumferentially at eight different places along the planes at 45§ to each other and then their mean taken as a reading for the respective artery. The total wall thickness of major coronary arteries and of the individual tunicae was less in Pakistani population. The mean thickness of RCA was 0.61 +/- 0.05 mm; LAD had mean thickness of 0.55 +/- 0.06 mm whereas that of LCX was 0.66 +/- 0.13 mm. The mean thickness of tunica intima of RCA was noted to be 0.230 +/- 0.044 mm; tunica media measured 0.205 +/- 0.031 mm whereas tunica adventitia was 0.172 +/- 0.023 mm thick. The mean thickness of tunica intima of LAD measured 0.156 +/- 0.032 mm; tunica media was observed to be 0.224 +/- 0.026 mm thick whereas the tunica adventitia was 0.170 +/- 0.032 mm thick. The mean thickness of tunica intima of LCX was observed to be 0.203 +/- 0.059 mm; tunica media to be 0.282 +/- 0.097 mm whereas that of tunica adventitia was noted to be 0.179 +/- 0.037 mm. The normal mean values of total wall thickness and of each of the individual tunica of coronary arterial wall in Pakistani population are lower than those reported in international literature. This might be due to geographic and / or ethnic variations in the histological structure of coronary arterial wall